Human Intelligence And The Biomedical Engineering Field

Vernor Vinge states, â€Å"I have argued above that we cannot prevent the Singularity, that its coming is an inevitable consequence of the humans natural competitiveness and the possibilities inherent in technology.† Technological singularity is on the verge of having a massive breakthrough but are we ready for what it brings? Raymond Kurzweil, an American author, believes that singularity will emerge in 2045. Technological singularity is an event in which artificial intelligent machines go beyond human intelligence and have the possibility to redesign themselves. Scientific development and enhancement is in our daily lives. The concept of creating intelligent machines was almost deemed impossible but in the last decade, researchers and scientists have shown beyond doubt that creating intelligent machines is possible. These artificial intelligent machines produce potential benefits and problems in the biomedical engineering field, a field where scientists should not continue to work to on due to the dangers this field poses. In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, an inspired man by the name of Victor Frankenstein believed that he could create new life. Victor had excessive self pride and had an idea that he could create this perfect creation of a human that would obey his every command. Once Frankenstein accomplishes his goal and creates new life, his creation looks more like a colossal brute. â€Å"His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath†¦hisShow MoreRelatedTheoretical And Conceptual Of Computer Science1528 Words   |  7 PagesComputer Science is not just the study of computer software and computational problems. It comprises the investigation of imitation and natural manifestations. 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Although biomedical engineering just been officially founded 200 years ago, its practice has beenRead MoreArtificial Intelligence And Human Science1309 Words   |  6 Pagesfeel that way. Imagine this, for the rest of your immortal life. Technology is improving at an astonishing rate in the field of human science. Artificial hearts and wombs are successful in transplants, and more utilizable prosthetic limbs are being introduced to the world currently. In college, students are learning how to program a robot hand that can replicate basic motions of a human hand. From there, scientists are attempting to place artificial mechanoreceptors that can alert the brain in a moreRead More The Human Genome Project Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Genome Project is a worldwide research effort with the goal of analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of the estimated 100,000 human genes. The DNA of a set of model organisms will be studied to provide the information necessary for understanding the functioning of the human genome. The information gathered by the human genome project is expected to be the source book for biomedical science in the twenty-first century and will be of great value to the field ofRead More10 Years Beyond: The Role of Biomedical Computing in Future Health Care835 Words   |  4 PagesBy convention, the field of healthcare research was entirely occupied by physicians an d doctors. They were the ones who came up with new methods to treat diseases and get better results from diagnostic tests. Technology, on the other hand, was always looked at as a way to solve problems that we faced that didn’t pertain to the medical sector. It was employed to enhance the quality of life and make day to day work easier. But as technology progressed, so did the areas of application. The structuralRead MoreStatement of Purpose for Admission to the Graduate Program in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University1017 Words   |  4 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE I am applying for admission to the graduate program in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University. I intend to pursue research in the fields of Signal Processing and Machine Learning. I am particularly interested in working on real world problems and applications which combine concepts from signal processing and machine learning with computational modelling and statistical inference. I am also interested in developing applications of signalRead MoreImportance Of Synthetic Biology : High-Technology Perishable Designs952 Words   |  4 Pagesare a major technological trend, especially in the fields of robotics and biomaterials. 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As a citizen, scientist, or simply a human being, one must prepareRead MoreWikipedia Meditech ( Medical Information Technology )1455 Words   |  6 Pagesgraduated from MIT and while he was there he created a software/program which we would later referred to as MUMPS. MUMPS later became the industry standard language for most of the software used in medical field. He started his company MEDITECH out of curiosity when he saw that the medical field has too many errors when it came to handling paperwork’s in the industry. The focus of this paper is going to be on the HER software that Meditech is using on their end. 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Freud s Trust Vs. Miss Trust Theory - 907 Words

â€Å"Half of the infants in the United States today have employed mothers, twice the proportion that there were in 1970.† Studies on the affect of mothers going back to work have been varied and have thus for lead to interpretations of the results. The mothers and infants relationship has a central part in a lot of theories on an infants trust development. Freud’s trust vs. miss-trust theory is an example of this. â€Å"Infants must learn to trust their caregivers to meet their needs. Responsive parenting is critical.† (Pg 38, Life span and development, Text book). Freud theory focused on the importance of the individuals early experience with the family. He believed that an infant’s early experience went on to contribute to the individual’s adult personality. The following studies data is based of a one time assessment session. This research found by (refecence 3) has found that infants still form attachments with their mothers who work full time. Although they did argue that these infants are more likely to form an insecure relationship with their mothers compared to mothers who did not work or worked part time. This then posses the risk that working mothers are at risk of having a emotional insecurity as the infants may perceive the parents absence as a rejection. This could be disturbing because of the development of coping strategies leading to anger and mistrust with the mother. Other study that have been done to try and compare infants trust with working or non workingShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Stages Of Psychosocial Development1695 Words   |  7 PagesFrankfurt,, Germany, in 1902. He was raised by his mother and stepfather and never knew his biological father. Throughout his life he struggled with his identity and felt that his stepfather never fully accepted him. After meeting Anna Freud the daughter of Sigmund Freud in Vienna, he decided to pursue a career in psychoanalysis. 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INTRODUCTION Objective I.1 Define psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes. |Margin Learning Question(s) (if applicable) |Page(s) | |None | | Key Terms Psychology: the science of behavior and mental processes. Exercises 1. Put a check markRead MoreLife Of Pi Questions6295 Words   |  26 Pagesif he stays true to his reasonable self, if he stays beholden to dry, yeastless factuality, might try to explain the warm light bathing him by saying, Possibly a f-f-failing oxygenation of the b-b-brain, and, to the very end, lack imagination and miss the better story. Spoken by Pi, this quotation-[chapter 22] in its entirety emphasizes the important distinction between facts and imagination, the background of the entire novel. This was used to show the distinct division between people with faithRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCredibility .................................................................................................. 144 Seeking a Second Opinion ............................................................................................................ 147 Trust Me, I Know It on Good Authority ..................................................................................... 149 Suspending Belief...........................................................................................................Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagespreparing for the Marketing Planning paper in the CIM’s Diploma examinations âž ¡ Marketing practitioners who will benefit from a comprehensive review of current thinking in the field of strategic marketing planning, implementation and control. 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Seven pounds summary free essay sample

The primary goal of Seven Pounds is to make viewers weep, and it pursues that aim with a doggedness that is almost commendable. The film manipulates shamelessly and, despite defying logic with its contrivances and unconvincing character portrayals, will succeed in getting many audience members to the point where tears are inevitable. Yet theres no cinematic equation that relates the need for tissues to motion picture quality. Seven Pounds works better the more the viewer feels and the less he/she thinks. On an emotional level, one could decree that the movie is satisfying. On an intellectual level, its disappointingly shallow. The story is told in a non-linear and seemingly haphazard manner that confounds and confuses as a means to hide a twist until late in the proceedings. Unfortunately, despite their zeal to obscure the main characters central motive, the filmmakers miss the mark one doesnt have to be Sherlock Holmes to divine the films ultimate trajectory within its first 30 minutes (especially since the movie opens with one of the final scenes). Since this isnt a thriller, recognizing the destination is less of a detraction than a minor distraction. The bigger problem is trying to put oneself into the mindset of the lead character, who is acting largely because thats the way he has been written. Yes, guilt is a powerful motivator and the quest for redemption can be obsessive, but it would be helpful if the protagonist could pursue these objectives in a manner thats consistent with believable human behavior patterns. Ben Thomas (Will Smith) is an IRS agent. We know from his flashbacks that, at one time, he was (literally) a rocket scientist. He lives alone but, from those same flashbacks, we know he was once involved in a committed relationship. Ben has a list of seven people he is apparently auditing. He visits one, Emily Posa (Rosario Dawson), while shes in the hospital being treated for congestive heart failure. Shes on a transplant waiting list but she has a rare blood type and chances for her long-term survival arent good. Ben informs her that she owes back taxes but hell do something with the paperwork to give her a few months reprieve. He moves on to other clients, but his thoughts keep returning to Emily. He visits her home. He slips into her hospital room at night and gazes at her. Meanwhile, Ben has moved out of his beach house and into a seedy motel room. His only companion is a pet jellyfish. Hes a strange person but we understand that his past is marked by an unrevealed tragedy and he is seeking a way to make the rest of his stay on earth meaningful. And that means helping people, and perhaps not just by fudging their tax returns. Seven Pounds demands a bigger leap of faith than some viewers will be capable of making. Ben more closely resembles a Biblical icon than an individual. Seen objectively, some of his actions, which are presented as benevolent, have a cruel side. Either director Gabriele Muccino doesnt realize this or chooses to ignore it. Ben is deeply disturbed, perhaps even clinically insane, but Seven Pounds chooses to present him as a man on a mission. In a way, this is French art film territory, but there are no subtitles and the lead actor is one of Americas biggest and brightest stars. If nothing else, Seven Pounds raises legitimate questions about the lengths to which it is reasonable for someone to go to achieve redemption. Are some sins so grave that they can never be expunged? (See The Reader for a more profound and disturbing examination of this question. ) Can guilt and pain be confused and does the alleviation of one lead to a release from the other? And can acting in the best interests of another confer upon them a burden that they are unable to accept? The last question, which may be the most unsettling, is sidestepped entirely by the movie. In its quest for closure and catharsis, it doesnt want such messy strands left dangling. In the midst of all this angst can be found a tender love story, and therein lies Seven Pounds core of strength. The affection that develops between Ben and Emily is touching and heartfelt, and it keeps the movie from spiraling into a pretentious abyss. There are a lot of things in Seven Pounds that feel artificial, but the quiet moments these two spend together are genuine. Will Smith and Rosario Dawson sell the relationship. It has meaning. Theyre both deeply wounded in their own ways and that adds to the intensity of their scenes together. This is Smiths second appearance for Muccino. His previous effort, The Pursuit of Happyness, had a similar grim, serious tone. Muccino, who came to Hollywood from Italy, plainly sees more in Smith than most other filmmakers do. Yet arguably the actors greatest strengths are his likeability and charisma, and to strip him of them as Muccino does here may be doing Smith a disservice. His scenes with Dawson flow but there are other sequences in which is performance is awkward and unconvincing, although this may have something to do with the screenplays overplotted quality. I believe Muccinos intention with Seven Pounds is to make a spiritual, uplifting motion picture, but I found it to be uncomfortable and depressing. Seven Pounds is an interesting experiment in Oscar-baiting but, while it may make viewers cry, it doesnt achieve its loftier aims. In fact, the message with which I departed the theater was more prosaic than philosophical: put away the cell phone when driving.

Warm Fuzz Cards Case Essay Example

Warm Fuzz Cards Case Essay This case deals with the dilemma faced by Eric Mills who is the founder and CEO of Warm Fuzz Cards. She is the sole decision maker of the organization and currently is facing a problem with regards to deciding her business growth strategy. Eric is married to Craig and they decided to start a family within one year. She is therefore unsure whether to grow the business quickly or at a slower rate and therefore has to decide at this point which strategy to implement. Warm Fuzz Cards sole owner is Eric Mills who founded the organization with simply a laptop and a gifted card printer from a relative. We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Fuzz Cards Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Fuzz Cards Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Warm Fuzz Cards Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mills has always had a strong passion for art which she pursued at an early age and developed sales/ management expertise during her work in the medical field. Craig while having a Job as a human resource executive at a large firm also assisted Eric with assembly and in quality control. Currently, all the management functions are performed by Eric Mills which include accounting, finance, marketing and sales departments. The firms organization structure is fairly straightforward with Eric being the sole owner/ manager and Craig as quality control and assembly worker. The philosophy for Warm Fuzz Cards came from Ericas desire of having cards not only for occasions but Just to spread warmth and fuzziness. While Eric enjoys more control and considered a slow growth prospect, Craig on the other hand was a proponent of faster growth. This is perhaps the only conflict of objective existent within the firm as Craig obviously as a husband would play a major role in advisory. Warm Fuzz Cards current marketing and sales strategy is focused on building more relationships with retailers, exploring new opportunities in card industry and developing custom cards. Mills has a base of 150 retail customers across Canada. Most of her customers are small store owners and thus Mills maintains a strong personal relationship. Unlike most Mass card manufacturers, Mills also made card modifications and loved the feedback from customers to help her generate better ideas. Apart from this, Mills also identified an opportunity in custom card products such as wedding invitations and business cards. Mills used the internet as her promotional strategy by developing a website and using social media tools to promote her ideas, designs and products. The Corporate market was another customer that Mills identified as companies looked for custom cards for holidays, events etc. Most of the marketing for corporate clients was carried out through word of mouth. The design strategy and expertise of Mills is what separated her from the competition. There was a unique modern style to Ericas products and the focus on high quality and customer satisfaction set it apart from the rest. The production strategy for Mills focused on the type of customer and was extremely customer specific. Retail customers made really small orders and Eric used a Just-in-time model which enabled her to meet unique wants at low risk. She invested in a high quality printer to make small batches but this significantly increased her material costs as it would be cheaper to mass print. The rest of the stationery supplies were purchased from a local store for the lowest price available. Embellishments were bought from a local craft store. For custom card products, Mills currently had them in her office while larger orders were outsourced to a print house. Cost of this varied depending on the handwork, embellishment and size of order. So far the results for Eric are positive with monthly sales averaging $3,500 in 2008. Warm Fuzz Cards does not have a particular mission statement that defines its objectives. It is based on a philosophy to make people smile and gifting people cards for almost any or no occasion whatsoever. The pure purpose was to spread warmth and fuzziness. Mills clearly had a strong passion for card design and leading a business. Her openness to ideas, creative mind and graphic designing skills make her fulfill the philosophy in a perfect manner. Current customers as mentioned primarily include retail stores mostly small vendors, marriages and corporate clients. The custom card business accounts for 50% of the sales, while retail makes up the other 50%. She sold the cards to retailers for $2. 25 whilst material cost in office was $0. 50 per card. Mills labor cost is hard to estimate although she did withdraw a small salary from the monthly revenues. Custom cards however offered greater margins as wedding invitations were sold between $5-10 each whilst material cost was only $1 per card. Custom business cards also provided good revenue generation as corporate clients would place large and repeat orders. It appears that the custom radar business is more profitable than the retail business and offers a great opportunity for Warm Fuzz Cards to expand. The channel of communication used by Mills for her retail clients were mostly through personal telephone calls. In this way Mills was able to develop a more personal relationship and at the same time receive valuable feedback from the customers. In terms of custom cards, corporate clientele was communicated purely through word of mouth. For wedding invitations, Mills used online communication channels by creating a website, social media pages and free listings on websites. The firms pricing in comparison to its competition was fairly similar. Greeting card price range between $0. 50 to $10 in the market. Typical cards would have average price of $3 while other custom cards were sold for higher prices. In terms of the industry, annual card sales were estimated at $7. 5 billion. Warm Fuzz Cards sales for 2008 were a mere $42,000 which makes its market share insignificant. In terms of revenue generation, Warm Fuzz Cards revenue has grown from its previous year of operations. In 2007, annual sales were $24,000. This meaner that the percentage growth in revenue between the years 2007-2008 is 75%. It indicates the great potential the business has to grow even though its small nature. Cost structures based on 2008 sales would mean that $21,000 was revenue through retail stores while $21,000 from custom cards. This meaner that around 9,300 cards were sold through retail stores, which gives a material cost for the year of $4,600. This meaner gross profit would be around $16,400. It would be hard to estimate the profit generation from custom cards due to the varying price and cost structures. Overall due to low overhead, it would be safe to conclude that Warm Fuzz Cards is operating profitably. There was no financing required for the initial setup as Eric had a laptop and the printer was gifted by a relative. As everything was produced to order, there was no financing required for inventory and overhead costs were very low and included costs such as phone, internet, website etc. It is sold mostly in retail stationery stores. The greeting card market itself can be broken down into several segments such as seasonal and everyday cards, Occasions, custom cards etc. The industry is fairly large and likely to boom during strong economic periods. In terms of competition, major competitors included Hallmark and American Greeting brands with their overall market share being 85%. As need for convenience rose, more cards were sold at convenience chains and specialty stores were slowly getting eliminated from the marketplace. These two firms clearly dominate the card industry and can threaten to eliminate small businesses. E-cards were another significant competitor as use of electronic cards increased due to the availability of technology. Generally, firms in this type of industry compete with each other on innovation and ideas. High quality product and great service are other areas f competition due to the nature of the card industry. Warm Fuzz Cards measures perfectly to how most firms in the industry compete. It has the creative entrepreneur in Eric with great graphic designing skills and openness to ideas. Mills great passion for her work meaner she ensures quality in the product. Customer service is also of high priority with reruns being made if any issue arises. A SOOT analysis would provide us with a good indication of the current situation of Warm Fuzz Cards. The strengths associated with the business lies pretty much in the entrepreneur Eric Mills. Her passion for her work, experience in leadership, graphic design and sales skills make her the most important asset of the firm. Another strength is the favorable growing conditions of the greeting card market with an average of 11% growth between 2004 to 2006. Mills also possessed an extensive portfolio of designs which enabled creation of custom designs in a speedy and efficient manner. The Just in time production strategy is another strength of the firm as it does not lead to money tied up in the inventory and gives the business flexibility. In terms of weaknesses, we can identify several that Warm Fuzz Card faces. The firm has a market share thats insignificant which meaner it would be hard for Mills to gain any financing for expansion. The lack of enough staff is another weakness within the organization as Mills has too much tasks to handle. This would not help her to focus on the more strategic objectives of the business and would slow down the progress of growth. The other major weakness is the inability to produce large quantities which can lower costs significantly as well as enable the business to greaten its market share through greater revenue. Several opportunities can be identified for Warm Fuzz Cards. The first big opportunity is her Toronto retail connection that has nationwide stores selling cards and gifts. This would enable her to expand the business and take it to new heights. Another opportunity is the wedding invitation segment which yields a high profit margin for Mills. By investing more in this area, profitability can improve and she would be able to finance the growth of the company internally. Further, she could use her own sales skills and invest in trade shows/events to expand her client base. The threats faced by Warm Fuzz Cards include the heavy competition faced from industry leaders. Another wreath is the booming electronic card industry, which could make the traditional card industry obsolete. The fact that smaller specialty stores were closing down was biggest competitive edge Warm Fuzz Cards has is its entrepreneur who has the ability to create unique modern designs and who is passionate about her business. Eric Mills is considering several alternatives with regards to the current problem. She basically has to decide whether to partner with someone or seek for an investment/loan as the main issue was funding. She could grow the business slowly which would allow her greater control and flexibility. The other alternative would be to expand the retail aspect of the business by partnering with a large national chain of stores. This would greatly boost revenues and profitability as large orders would be required. However, this would require a significant investment in inventory. Another option was to hire staff in accounting and finance so that Mills could focus on other more important aspects of the business. Other possibilities were hiring a sales broker, marketing team or graphic designer. A sales broker would have a good network which would allow Mills to promote her business. However, since Warm Fuzz Cards might not get attention from a broker due to the small size of the business. Online campaign would enable her to focus on high margin wedding invitation cards which would boost profitability considerably. The recommended strategic option would be for Mills to grow her business. It would be better to get the business to a certain level before starting a family. Mills should therefore close the deal with the Toronto connection as this gives great revenue potential for her firm. An investment in inventory would be required since order sizes would be large. Mills would also have to hire someone for the financial and accounting side of business as well as quality control. This would increase costs but allows for mass production. In order to implement this plan, Mills should focus on getting a loan from a bank or an angel investor. By using her sales skills, she should then seal the deal with the Toronto connection. The cash should then be invested into inventory and employing of staff. Mills should then take charge of sales, marketing and strategy of the business whilst employing staff for accounting, finance and production.

General Phonetics Essay Example

General Phonetics Essay Example General Phonetics Paper General Phonetics Paper Introduction 1Phonetics as branch of linguistics . The word phonetics is derived from the Greek word phone such means sound and is used in two different meanings: a. to some authors usually non phoneticians phonetics is that part of grammar which deals with special sounds. b. To phoneticians however phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics which is concerned with the phonetic structure of language. On the one hand phonetics is quite independent and develops according to its own laws. Today the sphere of phonetics is wilder and deeper than ever before phonemes and their distribution in words their nutrial adaptation sprees syllable intonation the relation between oral and written speech and number of other problems have now become objects of phonetics investigation, on the other hand phonetics is closely connected with a number of other sciences such as physics †¦or rather acoustics, biology, physiology and others. Phonetics is an essential part of language a definite form. The vocabulary and grammar of a language can function only when the language has phonetic form. 2 Branches of phonetics. Phonetics is an independent branch of linguistics that has in its turn developed branches of its own. The most important of these are special phonetics and general phonetics. Special phonetics may be subdivided into describing phonetics and is historical phonetics. Special phonetics is concerned with subsection 1 with the study of the phonetic structure of one language only in its static form at particular period synchronically which is describtic phonetics which is describtic phonetics. Subsection with the study of phonetic structure of a language in its historical developments the diachronically which is historical phonetics. : General phonetics is based on the extensive material which the special phonetics of a great number of languages provides. It is also based on other sciences such as physics, psychology etc. as a result of the fact that it diverses its factual material from special phonetics, general phonetics has been able to make a number of general conclusions concerting the complex nature of speech sounds it has been able to analyze speech sound from different points of view and to formulate a number of important theories the phoneme theory, the theory of syllable formation stress ,intonation etc. On the one hand general phonetics is based on the date of special phonetics. On the other hand general phonetics provides valuable theoretical material which enables to understand clearly and to interprete correctly the different phonetic phenomena of concrete languages. Experimental phonetics and comparative phonetics are frequently considered to be branches as methods of investigation. 3Methods of investigation. Methods of investigations used in phonetics vary but there are 3 principle methods. The direct observation methods, the linguistic method,the experimental method . a. The direct observation method comprises three important modes of analyses . By ear,by sight and by muscular sensation. Investigation by means of these methods can be effective only if the persons it has been specially trained to observe the minutest movements of their own and other people’s speech organs and to distinguish the slightest variations in sound quality. b. The aim of the linguistic method of investigation of any concrete phonetic phenomena such as sound, stress, intonation or any other feature is to determine in what way all of these phonetic features are used in a language to convey a certain meaning. c. The experimental method is based as a rule upon the use of special apparatus or instruments such as the disk player ,the spectrograph etc. So by means of the 3 methods mentioned above we are able to detect the different features and aspects of speech sounds. 4. 3 Speech sounds Speech sounds are of a complex nature and have 3 different aspects – acoustic, Biological and linguistic a . Sounds can be analyze from the acoustic point of view. Been an acoustic phenomena they share their properties with other acoustic phenomena. This like any other sounds speech sounds are communicated to the air in the form of a sound wave. Speech sounds of pitch ,intensity,tember likewise musical tones and noises may be distinguished among them. b. Speech sounds may also be considered from the biological point of view as phenomena resulting from the activities of the speech organs. . It is clear from the above that speech sounds are acoustic as well as biological phenomena. However it is their third aspect the linguistic aspect that made them the subject of linguistic investigation. One or another acoustic or biological characteristic of speech sounds can arouse the interest of linguists in proportion to its linguistic significant in other words it is not enough to be ab le to detect by means of experiment and observation the minutest sound features. One should be able to determine in what way speech sounds can function as significant sound limits or phonemes. 5. The phoneme theory. a. The phoneme is a set of phonetically similar ,but slightly different sounds in of language that are heard as the same sound the native speaker and are representative in phonetic transcription by the same symbol as in English the phonetically differentiated sounds represented by `p` in pin,spin and tip . So there are variants of `p` which have different phonetic values in different contexts. Few Englishmen are †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. f these differences although they will never make a mistake in applying them and will immediately feel something wrong with the pronunciation of anyone who does not apply them correctly or to put it another way native speakers do not preserve as distings sounds all variants of the phoneme `p` in pin,spin and tip these variants of the phoneme are called allophones. 6. Pronunciation standard of British English Towards the ends of the epoch of Feudalism due to varies causes political, cultural, commercial , economic , one of the local dialects existing at that time took precedence over all the others. That outstanding dialect became the foundation of the national language of the state. The national language of England developed on the bases of the London dialect, because London expanded rapidly into an important centre of commerce, industry and learning as early as 14th century. This process was accelerated by the spread of learning and literature. The pronunciation of literally English is termed Received Pronunciation. Since all speakers of British English considered this type of pronunciation to be correct and good Received Pronunciation has been accepted everywhere as standard for the teaching of English foreigners. The American Pronunciation standard should not be chosen for teaching purposes for a number of very varied reasons . The APS is not quite so definite as the British norm. The APS is comparatively new and has no long tradition to back it. Besides it is less uniform than British RP and some phonetic phenomena have not yet become stabilized, because of the lack of uniformity of the American population. Speech organs : nazel ,lips,teeth,vocal cords ,tongue Tip,roth,blade,frout,centre,back Pharynx Uvula Soft palate Hard palate Alveolar ridge Consonants 1 Fricative They are sounds that involve a near clogged with

Cry, The Beloved Country Essays - English-language Films, Cry

Cry, The Beloved Country Essays - English-language Films, Cry Cry, The Beloved Country The book Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton is a book about agitation and turmoil of both whites and blacks over the white segregation policy called apartheid. The book describes how understanding between whites and blacks can end mutual fear and aggresion, and bring reform and hope to a small community of Ndotcheni as well as to South Africa as a whole. The language of the book reflects the Bible; furthermore, several characters and episodes are reminiscent of stories from the New Testament and teachings of Christ. Thus, Alan Paton, as a reformer and the author of Cry, the Beloved Country, gives the people of South Africa a new, modern Bible, where he, like Christ, teaches to love thy brother as yourself in order to help whites and blacks overcome the fear and misunderstanding of each other. The language of the book from the very beginning reveals its biblical nature. The great valley of Umzimkulu is still in darkness, but the light will come there. Ndotcheni is still in darkness, but the light will come there also. The style includes symbols such as light and darkness, short clauses connected by and or but, and repetition. This style is used to represent speech or thoughts translated from Zulu. Jesus Christ is symbolized by the figure of Arthur Jarvis. He is a white reformer who fights for rights of blacks. Like Christ, he is very altruistic and wants to pursue his aims at all costs. His friend, Harrison, says: Here [Arthur Jarvis] was, day to day, on a kind of mission. (173) Arthur Jarvis and his wife Mary agree that it's more important to speak the truth than to make money. (172) Arthur Jarvis is killed in his house by Absalom, a black youth who gets entangled in crime. Absalom only intends to rob Arthur Jarvis, and the homicide is unintentional. Absalom thinks that Arthur Jarvis is out and comes into the house with two friends. However, when Arthur Jarvis heard a noise, and came down to investigate (186). Startled and afraid, Absalom fires blindly. Absalom later says in court: Then a white man came into the passage I was frightened. I fired the revolver. (194) Absalom's blind fear is symbolic of the fear, blindness, and misunderstanding between whites and blacks; these a re the reasons of racial hatred. In his room, there are pictures of Christ crucified and Abraham Lincoln (176), the two men who fought for human love and compassion and were killed because of their beliefs. Arthur Jarvis can be identified with Jesus Christ. Jesus taught love thy neighbor as thyself. Roman priests didn't understand him, but they felt his power and were afraid of him. Even though Christ taught compassion, they claimed he would incite a riot and crucified him. Like Christ, Arthur Jarvis teaches compassion and love between neighbors - whites and blacks, separated by the policy of apartheid. The crucifixion of Jesus Christ leads to redemption, spiritual growth of many people and progress; likewise, the death of Arthur Jarvis brings reform and hope. Ironically, the tragedy brings together Stephen Kumalo, the father of a black murderer and Jarvis, the father of Arthur Jarvis, the white victim. High Place where Jarvis lives is symbolic of an elevated position of many whites. Before his son's death, Jarvis is on the hilltop, thinking in a distant, uninvolved way about the problems between whites and blacks, seeing just the white point of view. Indeed they talked about [the erosion of land] often, for when they visited one another and sat on the long cool verandahs drinking their tea, they must needs look out over the barren valleys and the bare hills that were stretched below them. Some of their labor was drawn from Ndotcheni, and they knew how year by year there was less food grown in these reserves. (162) Jarvis is not a bad person but is ignorant about the lives of blacks and the real issues that take place. After the death of his son Jarvis learns to view blacks as real people. Jarvis reads his son's papers and suddenly becomes concerned with the ideas expressed by his son and by Abraham Lincoln. Jarvis sat, deeply moved

Literature Review Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Literature Review Bachelor - Essay Example The extent to which the employees feel motivated to put the best foot forward depends upon the policies adopted by the company in towards motivation. Theory Y assumes that all employees have key roles to play in running the organization and management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. The biggest drawback of McGregor's theory is that it sort of draws a dividing line. But in practice there's no such fine dividing line between type X and type Y. An organization cannot have all the people having similar capability and attitude towards work. Similarly all the students in a classroom cannot have similar calibre and IQ. Moreover a person who behaves in a particular manner today may come around and start taking things in different perspective once the manager takes him in confidence and makes him understand couple of things. Sometimes circumstances prevail upon the person and he starts behaving in a different way. Motivation may be defined as the state of an individual's perspective which represents the strength of his/ her natural inclination to exert efforts towards some particular behaviour. How somebody makes use of his/ her efforts towards a goal is determined by the motivating/ de-motivating factors. It is through their behaviour that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. Behaviour includes all actions overt or covert, and verbal or non-verbal. This affects the overall efficiency of the person and the performance of the organization. For Primark, the main target segment includes the youth segment. This under 35 segment prefers to go for the trendy fashion, requires quality at reasonable prices. To serve this segment is challenging but interesting as well, because today the spending power of youth segment has comparatively gone up. Moreover the young workforce at Primark will surely enjoy dealing with their age group customers, as it might require them lesser efforts to sell the idea to youth as compared to senior age group persons. The 'look good, pay less' proposition from Primark fits perfectly well with the youth segment. The brand identity being created by Primark amongst the youth helps in offering a valued